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Course Criteria
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3.00 Credits
Basic ideas of geophysical wave motion in rotating, stratified, and rotating-stratified fluids. Subject begins with general wave concepts of phase and group velocity. The dynamics and kinematics of gravity waves with a focus on dispersion, energy flux, initial value problems, etc. Subject foundation used to study internal and inertial waves, Kelvin, Poincare, and Rossby waves in homogeneous and stratified fluids. Laplace tidal equations are applied to equatorial waves. Other topics include: resonant interactions, potential vorticity, wave-mean flow interactions, and instability.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: 12.800
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3.00 Credits
Dynamics of large-scale circulations in oceans and atmospheres, taken concurrently with the laboratory subject 12.804. Basic concepts include mass and momentum conservation, hydrostatic and geostrophic balance, and pressure and other vertical coordinates. Barotropic vorticity equation: potential vorticity (PV) and invertibility; Greens functions/point vortices; balance in forced flow, waves, and vortices. Shallow water equations, geostrophic adjustment. Stratified atmospheres and oceans: thermodynamics. The quasi-geostrophic (QG) equations, pseudo potential vorticity. Barotropic and baroclinic instabilities and the Rayleigh, Fjortoft and Chanrey-Stern theorems. Eady and Charney models. The superposition theorem and the continuous spectrum. Effects of boundary friction, upward wave radiation, and phase change of water. Frontogenesis and semigeostrophy.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: 12.800, Coreq: 12.804
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0.00 Credits
Laboratory component of subject 12.803. Analysis of observations of oceanic and atmospheric quasi-balanced flows, computational models, and rotating tank experiments. Illustrates the basic principles of potential vorticity conservation and inversion, Rossby wave propagation, baroclinic instability, and the behavior of isolated vortices.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: 12.800, Coreq: 12.803
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2.00 Credits
An introduction to standard data analysis methods including time series analysis, objective mapping, empirical orthogonal functions, and dynamic analysis of hydrographic data. Emphasis on working with data in a computer laboratory setting using packaged software. Where appropriate, comparison is made with simple models. Some attention given to the instruments and algorithms used to acquire the data.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: 12.808
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3.00 Credits
Introduction to the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere including experience with computer codes. Aerosols and theories of their formation, evolution, and removal. Gas and aerosol transport from urban to continental scales. Coupled models of radiation, transport, and chemistry. Solution of inverse problems to deduce emissions and removal rates. Emissions control technology and costs. Applications to air pollution and climate.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: 5.61, 18.075, or permission of instructor
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3.00 Credits
Provides a detailed overview of the chemical transformations that control the abundances of key trace species in the Earth's atmosphere. Emphasizes the effects of human activity on air quality and climate. Topics include photochemistry, kinetics, and thermodynamics important to the chemistry of the atmosphere; stratospheric ozone depletion; oxidation chemistry of the troposphere and photochemical smog; aerosol chemistry; and source and sinks of greenhouse gases.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: 5.60
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3.00 Credits
Results and techniques of observations of the ocean in the context of its physical properties and dynamical constraints. Emphasis on large-scale steady circulation and the time-dependent processes that contribute to it. Includes the physical setting of the ocean, atmospheric forcing, application of conservation laws, description of wind-driven and thermohaline circulation, eddy processes, and interpretive techniques.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: Permission of instructor
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3.00 Credits
Examination of the hydraulics of nonrotating flows (Long's experiments, hydraulic control, upstream influence, nonlinear wave steepening, hydraulic jump and bores, application to severe downslope winds). Other topics may include: nonrotating stratified flows (two-layer hydraulics, virtual and approach controls, maximal and submaximal flow, application to the Strait of Gibraltar and the Bab al Mandab); and deep ocean straits and sills (steady theories for rotating channel flow, nonlinear Kelvin and frontal waves, rotating hydraulic jumps, geostrophic adjustment in a rotating channel, and applications to the Denmark Strait and other deep passages).
Prerequisite:
Prereq: Permission of instructor
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3.00 Credits
Discusses the dynamics of the atmosphere, with emphasis on the large scale. Topics include zonally symmetric circulations and the tropical Hadley circulation; internal gravity waves; balanced flows, potential vorticity conservation and Rossby waves; stability of zonal flows; baroclinic instability and extratropical storms; tropical waves, the Walker circulation, and El Ni?o and the Southern Oscillation; and the role of eddies in the general circulation. Students taking graduate version complete different assignments.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: 12.800
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3.00 Credits
A description of the large-scale circulation systems of the tropical atmosphere and analysis of the dynamics of such systems. Topics include: Radiative-convective equilibrium; the Hadley and walker circulation; monsoons; tropical boundary layers; theory of the response of the tropical atmosphere to localized sea-surface temperature anomalies; intraseasonal oscillations; equatorial waves; El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation; easterly waves; and tropical cyclones.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: 12.810 or Coreq: 12.803
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