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Course Criteria
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3.00 Credits
An introduction to chemical oceanography. Reservoir models and residence time. Major ion composition of seawater. Inputs to and outputs from the ocean via rivers, the atmosphere, and the sea floor. Biogeochemical cycling within the oceanic water column and sediments, emphasizing the roles played by the formation, transport, and alteration of oceanic particles and the effects that these processes have on seawater composition. Cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and sulfur. Uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide by the ocean. Material presented through lectures and student-led presentation and discussion of recent papers.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: Permission of instructor
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3.00 Credits
Factors influencing the chemical and mineralogical composition of deep-sea sediments and chemical fluxes across the sediment-water interface, and their spatial and temporal variability. Carbonate, silicic, and detrital sediments: sources and reactivity. Pore water: diffusion, reaction, and fluxes. Ferromanganese sediments and manganese nodule geochemistry. Trace element sediment geochemistry. Sediment dating and accumulation rate estimation. Stable isotopes and natural-series radioisotopes. Effect of climate change on sedimentary processes. Mathematical techniques and modeling in sedimentary systems.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: Chemistry (GIR), 5.60
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2.00 Credits
Focuses on isotope systematics applied to important problems in marine chemistry, specifically isotope systematics of light stable isotopes and intermediate mass stable isotope systematics.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: 12.748 or permission of the instructor
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3.00 Credits
Ridge crest hot springs; and description of currently active systems. Geologic and tectonic setting and exploration strategies. Hydrothermal chemistry of sediment-starved and sediment-covered spreading centers and seamounts. Thermodynamic modeling of water-rock interactions using EQ3/6. Description and classification of ore deposits formed on the sea floor. Chemical and physical mechanisms of ore localization. Formation of metalliferous sediments.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: Permission of instructor
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3.00 Credits
Provides an understanding of the distribution of organic carbon (OC) in marine sediments from a global and molecular-level perspective. Surveys the mineralization and preservation of OC in the water column and within anoxic and oxic marine sediments. Topics include: OC composition, reactivity and budgets within, and fluxes through, major reservoirs; microbial recycling pathways for OC; models for OC degradation and preservation; role of anoxia in OC burial; relationships between dissolved and particulate (sinking and suspended) OC; methods for characterization of sedimentary organic matter; application of biological markers as tools in oceanography. Both structural and isotopic aspects are covered.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: Permission of instructor
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3.00 Credits
Emphasizes the basic skills needed for handling and assimilating data as well as the basic tool-set for numerical modeling. Uses MATLAB as its computation engine; begins with an introduction to MATLAB to ensure familiarity with software. Topics include: probability distributions, error propagation, least squares and regression techniques, principle component and factor analysis, objective mapping, Fourier and spectral analysis, numerical solutions to ODEs and PDEs, finite difference techniques, inverse models, and scientific visualization.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: Permission of instructor
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2.00 Credits
Teaches fundamental aspects of isotope chemistry applied to the ongoing evolution of Earth and its major geochemical reservoirs (core, mantle, oceanic and continental crusts, seawater) in the context of solar system evolution. The course introduces students to nuclear physics, nucleosynthesis, mass spectrometry, isotope fractionation processes and the application of important isotope groups to fundamental processes in Earth's chemical evolution.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: Permission of instructor
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2.00 Credits
Uses the isotopic methods and tools developed in 12.748, in conjunction with major and trace element systematics to examine in detail the fundamental processes of solid Earth accretion and differentiation. Introduces concepts of nebular condensation, meteorites and their parent bodies, origin and evolution of the moon, planetary differentiation, formation and evolution of the Earth's mantle and crust, and magmatism in ocean basins.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: 12.748 or permission of instructor
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3.00 Credits
Introductory subject for first-year graduate students in meteorology, climate, and oceanography. Eulerian and Lagrangian kinematics. Equations of mass, momentum, and energy in Eulerian form in rotating frame of reference. Vorticity and divergence. Scaling and geostrophic approximation. Potential vorticity. Ekman layers. Vortex motion.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: 8.03, 18.04
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3.00 Credits
Fundamental principles of geophysical fluid dynamics are applied to the ocean to understand and describe its global circulation patterns. Includes geostrophic dynamics, planetary geostrophy, Ekman pumping, wind and thermally driven ocean circulation, thermocline theory, western-boundary current dynamics, abyssal circulation, mixing, dynamics of circumpolar jets, baroclinic instability, geostrophic turbulence, eddy-mean flow interaction.
Prerequisite:
Prereq: 12.800
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