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  • GEO 223: Rock-Forming Minerals and Mineral Assemblages

    3.00 Credits
    Bates College

    Many geochemical processes that occur within the lithosphere, such as crystallization of magmas, metamorphism, and weathering, are understood through the study of minerals and mineral assemblages. This course covers the occurrence, composition, and compositional variation of the common silicate minerals, the mineral reactions and assemblages typical of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary environments, and contemporary applications to a range of tectonic processes. The laboratory involves hand-specimen identification of minerals and the determination of mineral composition by optical microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Prerequisite(s): any two introductory geology courses or one introductory geology course and Chemistry 107A or Chemistry/Environmental Studies 107B. [S] [L] [Q] [W2] Normally offered every year. J. Creasy.
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  • GEO 230: Structural Geology

    3.00 Credits
    Bates College

    The processes of mountain building and plate tectonics are understood by observing the structure and architecture of rocks. This course explores the nature and types of structures present in rocks that make up the Earth's crust. Fundamental concepts and principles of deformation are examined in a variety of field settings. The laboratory introduces the techniques used in descriptive and kinematic structural analysis. Several one-day excursions and one weekend field trip take place throughout Maine and the mountains of the northern Appalachians. Prerequisite(s): any two introductory geology courses or one introductory geology course and Chemistry 107A or Chemistry/Environmental Studies 107B, or First-Year Seminar 314, or Physics 107 or Physics s25, or Mathematics 105 or Environmental Studies/Geology 217. [S] [L] [Q] [W2] Normally offered every year. J. Eusden.
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  • GEO 240: Environmental Geochemistry

    3.00 Credits
    Bates College

    This course is an introduction to the chemistry of geological processes that occur at the Earth's surface. Basic concepts are presented in the framework of biogeochemical cycling of the major organic elements through geologic time. Topics revolve around the hydrologic cycle and include rock weathering and the carbon cycle. The laboratory includes field trips to local environmental "hotspots" and chemical analysis of environmental samples (e.g. waters, core sediments) using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy and stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Prerequisite(s): any 100-level geology course and Chemistry 107A or Chemistry/Environmental Studies 107B. Enrollment limited to 20. [S] [L] [Q] [W2] Normally offered every year. B. Johnson.
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  • GEO 310: Quaternary Geology

    3.00 Credits
    Bates College

    The Quaternary Period, representing the last 1.6 million years of geologic history, is characterized by extreme climatic fluctuations with effects ranging from globally synchronous glacier expansions to periods warmer than present. Records of the climatic fluctuations are contained in sediments on land and in the oceans and lakes and also in the stratigraphy of ice caps. This course examines various climate proxy records and the dating methods used to constrain them. Fieldwork focuses on the recovery of sediment cores from local lakes, while indoor labs emphasize physical, chemical, and paleontological analyses of the sediment cores. Prerequisite(s): any 200-level geology course. [S] [L] [Q] M. Retelle.
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  • GEO 315: Glacial Geology

    3.00 Credits
    Bates College

    Glaciers, ice caps, and ice sheets are presently located in high-latitude and high-altitude areas of the globe. However, during the height of the last ice age, about 18,000 years ago, major ice sheets extended to mid-latitudes from the polar regions and to lower elevations in mountainous regions of low latitudes. Lectures investigate processes of modern glaciers, evidence for former extent, and the cause of climatic variability between glacial and interglacial periods. The laboratory introduces students to glaciogenic sediments, stratigraphic analysis, glacial landforms, and field mapping. Several one-day local field trips and one overnight field trip take students to sites in Maine and northern New England. Prerequisite(s): any 200-level geology course. [S] [L] [Q] [W2] M. Retelle.
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  • GEO 340: Stable Isotope Geochemistry

    3.00 Credits
    Bates College

    The stable isotope composition of modern and ancient waters and biological materials has revolutionized our understanding of biogeochemical cycling at the Earth's surface and of environmental change. This course focuses on the theory and applications of stable isotope fractionation in water and biological materials for modern and past environmental research. The laboratory includes fieldwork within the Androscoggin River watershed and the Maine coast and use of a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Students are engaged in projects that may include tracking changes in carbon cycling in lakes, salt marshes, and trees through time, and documenting changes in energy flow in modern and ancient marine food webs. The interdisciplinary nature of the subject material lends itself well to upper-level students from a variety of science majors. Prerequisite(s): Chemistry 107A or Chemistry/Environmental Studies 107B and any 200-level geology course. Recommended background: Geology 240. Enrollment limited to 10. [S] [L] [Q] B. Johnson.
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  • GEO 360: Independent Study

    3.00 Credits
    Bates College

    Students, in consultation with a faculty advisor, individually design and plan a course of study or research not offered in the curriculum. Course work includes a reflective component, evaluation, and completion of an agreed-upon product. Sponsorship by a faculty member in the program/department, a course prospectus, and permission of the chair are required. Students may register for no more than one independent study per semester. Normally offered every semester. Staff.
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  • GEO 364: Plate Tectonics,Climate Change,and Landscape

    3.00 Credits
    Bates College

    Plate tectonics and climate often interact in profound ways. For example, high rainfall creates rapid erosion that reduces the height of compressional mountain ranges; ash plumes from arc volcanism may trigger global cooling and also restore water to the atmosphere and oceans. This seminar explores these and other relationships with a focus on active tectonic environments and today's climate as well as paleoclimate change and ancient tectonics. Students give in-class presentations on these topics from the current literature and investigate in the lab the fundamentals of tectonic processes. They also participate in field excursions to rock exposures demonstrating the relationships between ancient tectonics and paleoclimate in the Appalachians. Prerequisite(s): any 200-level geology course. [S] [L] [Q] J. Eusden.
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  • GEO 365: Special Topics

    3.00 Credits
    Bates College

    A course reserved for a special topic selected by the department. Instructor permission is required. Staff.
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  • GEO 381: The Lithosphere

    3.00 Credits
    Bates College

    The formation and occurrence of rocks in the lithosphere are directly relatable to plate tectonic processes. Specific tectonic environments such as rift valleys or oceanic subduction zones are characterized by specific assemblages of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The course examines rock assemblages typical of global tectonic environments, the processes by which they are generated, and the methods by which they are studied. The laboratory is project-oriented and includes field studies, optical and X-ray analytical techniques, and written reports. Prerequisite(s): any 200-level geology course. [S] [L] [Q] J. Creasy.
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