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  • CHEM 321: Biochemistry I: Structure and Function of Biological Molecules

    3.00 Credits
    Williams College

    This course introduces the basic concepts of biochemistry with an emphasis on the structure and function of biological macromolecules. Specifically, the structure of proteins and nucleic acids are examined in detail in order to determine how their chemical properties and their biological behavior result from those structures. Other topics covered include catalysis, enzyme kinetics, mechanism and regulation; the molecular organization of biomembranes; and the flow of information from nucleic acids to proteins. In addition, the principles and applications of the methods used to characterize macromolecules in solution and the interactions between macromolecules are discussed. The laboratory provides an opportunity to study the structure of macromolecules and to learn the fundamental experimental techniques of biochemistry including electrophoresis, chromatography, and principles of enzymatic assays. Prerequisite:    Biology 101 and Chemistry 251/255 and Chemistry 155/256
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  • CHEM 322: Biochemistry II: Metabolism

    3.00 Credits
    Williams College

    This lecture course provides an in-depth presentation of the complex metabolic reactions which are central to life. Emphasis is placed on the biological flow of energy including alternative modes of energy generation (aerobic, anaerobic, photosynthetic); the regulation and integration of the metabolic pathways including compartmentalization and the transport of metabolites; and biochemical reaction mechanisms including the structures and mechanisms of coenzymes. This comprehensive study also includes the biosynthesis and catabolism of small molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides). Laboratory experiments introduce the principles and procedures used to study enzymatic reactions, bioenergetics, and metabolic pathways. Prerequisite:    Biology 101 and Chemistry 251/255
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  • CHEM 326: Chemical Biology: Discoveries at the Interface

    3.00 Credits
    Williams College

    Complex biological behavior is driven by the chemistry of biological molecules including secondary messengers, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Chemists and biologists have recognized that manipulating the chemistry of these systems affords a powerful method to regulate and study cellular activity. The burgeoning field of chemical biology encompasses these efforts. This course introduces the tools of chemical biology, focusing on how small chemical molecules directed at biological systems facilitate answering important questions in biology. Building upon this foundation of chemical and biological techniques, this course will study current applications of these techniques through case studies of recent discoveries. Topics covered include bioconjugation, chemical genetics, extending the genetic code, activity-based probes, and fragment-based drug discovery. Prerequisite:    CHEM/BIOL/BIMO 321
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  • CHEM 335: Inorganic/Organometallic Chemistry

    3.00 Credits
    Williams College

    This course addresses fundamental aspects in the chemistry of transition metals and main group elements that are relevant to a variety of important areas, including applications in organic synthetic transformations, medicine, and industrial and biological catalysis. The course introduces concepts of symmetry and group theory concepts, and applies them in a systematic approach to the study of the structure, bonding, and spectroscopy of coordination and inorganic compounds. The course also covers selected inorganic and organometallic reactions and their mechanisms and bioinorganic chemistry. Primary literature and review articles are used to discuss recent developments and applications in the field. Prerequisite:    Chemistry 155 or 256 and 251/255
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  • CHEM 341: Toxicology and Cancer

    3.00 Credits
    Williams College

    What is a poison and what makes it poisonous? Paracelcus commented in 1537: "What is not a poison? All things are poisons (and nothing is without poison). The dose alone keeps a thing from being a poison." Is the picture really this bleak; is modern technology-based society truly swimming in a sea of toxic materials? How are the nature and severity of toxicity established, measured and expressed? Do all toxic materials exert their effect in the same manner, or can materials be poisonous in a variety of different ways? Are the safety levels set by regulatory agencies low enough for a range of common toxic materials, such as mercury, lead, and certain pesticides? How are poisons metabolized and how do they lead to the development of cancer? What is cancer and what does it take to cause it? What biochemical defense mechanisms exist to counteract the effects of poisons? This course attempts to answer these questions by surveying the fundamentals of modern chemical toxicology and the induction and progression of cancer. Topics will range from description and quantitation of the toxic response, including risk assessment, to the basic mechanisms underlying toxicity, mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and DNA repair. Prerequisite:    Chemistry 156; may be taken concurrently with Chemistry 251/255; a basic understanding of organic chemistry
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  • CHEM 342: Synthetic Organic Chemistry

    3.00 Credits
    Williams College

    The origins of organic chemistry are to be found in the chemistry of living things and the emphasis of this course is on the chemistry of naturally-occurring compounds. This course presents the logic and practice of chemical total synthesis while stressing the structures, properties and preparations of terpenes, polyketides and alkaloids. Modern synthetic reactions are surveyed with an emphasis on the stereochemical and mechanistic themes that underlie them. To meet the requirements for the semester's final project, each student chooses an article from the recent synthetic literature and then analyzes the logic and strategy involved in the published work in a final paper. A summary of this paper is also presented to the class in a short seminar. Laboratory sessions introduce students to techniques for synthesis and purification of natural products and their synthetic precursors. Prerequisite:    Chemistry 251/255
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  • CHEM 361: Physical Chemistry: Structure and Dynamics

    3.00 Credits
    Williams College

    This course integrates a number of physical chemistry topics. In the first part of the course, an introduction to quantum mechanics provides the basis for understanding atomic and molecular structure as well as spectroscopic methods. In the second part of the course we discuss chemical kinetics and molecular reaction dynamics in the gas phase and in solution. Applications of these principles are chosen from a variety of areas, including polymer chemistry, biochemistry, photochemistry, atmospheric chemistry, and solid and liquid state chemistry. Quantitative laboratory experiments and consultation with the scientific literature provide the background necessary for carrying out an independent theoretical or experimental project. Prerequisite:    Chemistry 155 or 256
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  • CHEM 364: Instrumental Methods of Analysis

    3.00 Credits
    Williams College

    This course provides the student an understanding of the applicability of current laboratory instrumentation both to the elucidation of fundamental chemical phenomena and to the measurement of certain atomic and molecular parameters. Experimental methods, including absorption and emission spectroscopy in the x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, and radio frequency regions, chromatography, electrochemistry, mass spectrometry, magnetic resonance, and thermal methods are discussed, with examples drawn from the current literature. The analytical chemical techniques developed in this course are useful in a wide variety of scientific areas. The course also covers new developments in instrumental methods and advances in the approaches used to address modern analytical questions. Prerequisite:    Chemistry 155 or 256 and 251/255; may be taken concurrently with Chemistry 256 with permission of instructor
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  • CHEM 366: Physical Chemistry: Thermodynamics

    3.00 Credits
    Williams College

    The thermodynamic laws provide us with our most powerful and general scientific principles for predicting the direction of spontaneous change in physical, chemical, and biological systems. This course develops the concepts of energy, entropy, free energy, temperature, heat, work, and chemical potential within the framework of classical and statistical thermodynamics. The principles developed are applied to a variety of problems: chemical reactions, phase changes, energy technology, industrial processes, and environmental science. Laboratory experiments provide quantitative and practical demonstrations of the theory of real and ideal systems studied in class. Prerequisite:    Chemistry 155 or 256, and basic knowledge of applied integral and differential calculus
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  • CHEM 367: Biophysical Chemistry

    3.00 Credits
    Williams College

    This course is designed to provide a working knowledge of basic physical chemistry to students primarily interested in the biochemical, biological, or medical professions. Topics of physical chemistry are presented from the viewpoint of their application to biochemical problems. Three major areas of biophysical chemistry are discussed: 1) the conformation of biological macromolecules and the forces that stabilize them; 2) techniques for the study of biological structure and function including spectroscopic, hydrodynamic, electrophoretic, and chromatographic; 3) the behavior of biological macromolecules including ligand interaction and conformational transitions. Prerequisite:    Chemistry 155 or 256 and 251/255, and Mathematics 104 or equivalent
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